Macro-economic factors Essay

There are a lot of macro environmental factors that affect Telfin performance though emphasize has been given on the important factors. Economic factors like current and anticipated economic growth, interest rate, inflation, cost of labor, disposable income and distribution of income etc collectively comprise economic environment. Current and projected economic conditions: In recent years Pakistan’s economic figures were indicating very impressive and promising consequences and infact these all were proven to be wrong. A number of reasons are behind this but the most important are the economic policies which were not integrated with political environment in an apt manner. Secondly, terrorism has stooped down our economy in a very negative manner. Therefore because of these reasons Pakistan current and anticipated economic conditions aren’t in Telfin favor. Exchange Rate: Telfin is directly affected by fluctuation of exchange rates as investment is being done in USD, all suppliers have to be paid in USD and being subsidiary of Vimplecom, Shareholder calculations are in USD while revenue is generated in local currency (PKR). Due to depreciated PKR every year when revenue is calculated in USD it is minimized due to negative exchange rate effect. Fuel Prices: Telfin is the one of the biggest customer of PSO (Pakistan State Oil), due to energy crisis in Pakistan and being the largest on coverage for the services, more than 5000 cell sites have to be energized to keep the network running. Taxtation: Govt has applied additional 5% tax on the top up so subscribers get 5% less balance on recharge but as an impact it has been seen that subscribers have reduced the usage as recharge revenue has decreased and 5% reduction is from Telfin revenue. Inflation and interest rate: interest rate and inflation both are elevated in Pakistan. In most of countries it is very much natural that once economic conditions are bad central banks reduces interest rate in order to boost investment where as in Pakistan the case is otherwise. The interest rate is high because the government wants to cease central bank new notes issuing rate which is more than 15% currently. Therefore collectively interest rate and inflation are presenting a bad picture for Telfin. Unemployment rate and cost of labor: Because of higher education bang there  is a talented pool of candidates who are ready to be employed in big companies or organizations. But the fact is that the production of new jobs is not competent with supply pool therefore unemployment rate is high. In addition as supply of potential workers is high, the cost of labor is low in Pakistan which is a positive signal for Telfin. Level of disposable money and income distribution: It is really evident that if the economic conditions of a particular country are bad, the people living in, do not have high level income to be spent. Moreover the fact is that national income distribution is very unfair and unequal in Pakistan because elite class dominates on key government posts. Non-economic macro Exposure: Telfin like every other organization is also affected by the political setup to a greater extent which are needed to be addressed. Political Factor: There is a democratic government now-a-days in Pakistan but due to previous government policies & present government inability to manage issue wisely, it can be concluded clearly that government is not able to stabilize the situation as it was expected which is surely not good for the companies like Telfin. Rule of Law, Corruption and bureaucracy: Due to the amendments made in the constitution of Pakistan by ex-dictators and domination of rich people on the vital government posts, there is just a minimal justice and rule of law in Pakistan. Regularity authorities: There are regularity bodies in Pakistan like PTA (Pakistan Telecommunication Authority) but it does not have enough grip on issues as it is expected from it due to the mandate given to it. Security: Due to security situations, telecom industry has suffered a lot as on events th ere is complete network shutdown to prevent terrorism. These shut down is a direct loss for complete industry. Moreover due to different measures taken by regularity to address security is to have Biometric scanning before issuance of SIM so cost of sale has increased recently and all operators have to install machines to have scanning capability.

Analysis of a Job Advert and My Employability Skills Essay

Describe the qualifications required: GCSE A*-C standard English and Maths, this is essential because you need to be able to simple adding and English is a necessity because you need to be able to read and speak fluent English. To have a National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) Level 1 or 2 in customer service you can also have a food safety certificate. Describe the level of experience in a similar role required: To have a previous experience at least 1 year or 2 year in a quality restaurant or bar. Describe the level of experience in the industry required: N/A Describe the knowledge of goods and services required: To have good knowledge about the Restaurant and other department’s hotels. Describe the level of effectiveness in meeting personal and team targets required: Ensure that you have a high level of effectiveness in meeting personal and targets so that you are happy for the job and show appreciation to the job. Describe the level of ability to observe and raise professional standards required: The level of ability should be high because you will need to be able to show individual courtesy to customers for example if there is a bad product on the shelf you tell them immediately and they will get you a better product. Personal Skills Organisation Name: Frontline Role: Food and Beverage Assistant Describe the amount if patience required: Good interpersonal and customer facing skills, maintain professionalism, display patience and politeness within a busy environment are some of the skills required. Describe the level of hard work required: Candidates must be reliable, flexible and have a ‘can do’ attitude. You must have good attention to detail, ability to work within a close team and also work with minimal supervision. Describe the level of ability to work as part of a team: Candidates must show the ability to have an excellent work ethic and be part of a team as required. Describe the level of good interpersonal skills required: Interpersonal skills are essential when socialising with colleagues and friends. Interpersonal skills include everything from communication and listening skills to attitude and deportment. Describe the level of cooperation with line managers and colleagues required: Line managers play a vital role in businesses as their duties are to ensure that activities are planned and organised in their area that involve a significant risk to the health and safety of staff. Candidates must cooperate effectively to line managers at all times. Describe the level of negotiation in seeking agreement with customers required: Negotiation is essential with customers as potential candidates must be able to negotiate with customers effectively and try to provide the best prices as possible to the customer. Describe the attributes you already possess or expect to posess by the end of course: 1. I will develop the habit of meeting deadlines. 2. I will develop my planning skills in order to prioritise myself for my coursework deadlines. 3. I will try to participate in all team/group activities. 4. I will ensure to communicate effectively with my team mates 5. I will try to practice my presentational skills effectively. 6. I will try to develop my patience. 7. I will try to organise myself by bringing the right equipment to lessons. 8. I will time manage my work and try to ensure to hand all coursework in on time. 9. I will ensure to use my essay skills effectively 10. I will ensure problem solving skills are used to the best ability.

Alcohol Promotion and the Marketing Industry

Julie A. Novak International MBA Student York University Prepared for The Association to Reduce Alcohol Promotion in Ontario September 2004 Working to Reduce the Impact of Alcohol Advertising Acknowledgements ARAPO wishes to acknowledge the effort and contributions of the following individuals to this paper: Tom Appleyard, Alcohol Projects Manager, Ontario Public Health Association Ben Rempel, Alcohol Projects Consultant, Ontario Public Health Association Pat Sanagan, Co-Chair, Association to Reduce Alcohol Promotion in OntarioJulie A. Novak is an International MBA student, studying through the Schulich School of Business at York University in Ontario. Julie has also completed her Master’s Degree in Political Science at the University of Toronto, and a Bachelor of Science Degree from the University of Victoria. She has held positions in Public Policy in such places as Moldova and Geneva.This paper examines current marketing trends in the alcoholic beverages industry that can i mpact the public’s health and safety. It is important for public health organizations to be aware of trends common to the industry; this will inform and bolster their efforts as watchdogs to manufacturers and retailers of alcohol.The analysis describes the critical elements of the marketing mix, and makes a clear distinction between advertising and marketing. Advertising is an important part of the marketing mix; however, there are several other tactics and tools employed by marketers in the industry to influence consumer behaviour and to build strong brands. The paper reviews current trends in the alcoholic beverages industry generally, drawing specifically on some examples from the global beer industry.In the fight to increase market share, marketers will alter their marketing strategies in response to industry trends, seeking synergies that may exist between sponsorship and promotion. The paper also discusses the use of bottle labels for marketing alcohol products as an ex ample of the overlap of product and promotion. This leads into a discussion of the relationship between advertising and packaging and how they are used to encourage selection of certain brands over others. Advertising trends, such as sexually explicit content and low-carb and health conscious media messages are also addressed.These are variables in the marketing mix. The last section discusses the current guidelines concerning marketing and promotions and the position taken by various public health groups such as ARAPO (Association to Reduce Alcohol Promotion in Ontario) in response to the current trends and tactics used in alcohol marketing and promotion with specific attention to recommendations to regulators. 1 1. 0 INTRODUCTION The Canadian alcoholic beverages industry includes brewers, wine producers and distilled spirits manufacturers. Molson Inc. s the oldest beer brand in the Canadian brewing industry and a global brand name with products that include Molson Canadian, Molson Export, Molson DRY, Rickard's, and Brazilian beer brands Kaiser and Bavaria. Total net sales for Molson in 2004 – year ending March 31 – were $2. 5 billion. This amounted to annual profits of $2. 37 million1. Another Canadian favourite is John Labatt Ltd. , which is owned by the Belgium-based company Interbrew. The second largest brewer by volume worldwide, Interbrew owns a portfolio consisting of, among others, Stella Artois, Carling, and the popular Labatt line of beers.In 2003, Interbrew recorded a gross profit of â‚ ¬3. 6 billion, which resulted in a net profit of â‚ ¬505 million, after spending an incredible â‚ ¬1. 3 billion on sales and marketing2. The other three major players are Sleeman Breweries, Big Rock Brewing Income Trust, and the Brick Brewing Co. Sleeman, a specialty brewed premium craft beer, recorded annual sales of $1. 85 million in 20033. Big Rock Brewing Income Trust recorded net sales of $28 million in 20034. The Brick Brewing Co. , resp onsible for Formosa and Red Cap brands among others, recorded gross sales of $11. million for the second quarter of 2004. This resulted in a record net income of $832,000 over a three-month period5. The Association of Canadian Distillers is the national trade association representing Canada's major distillers. The distilling industry has been estimated to generate $2. 6 billion worth of economic activity. Distillers include, among others: Bacardi Canada Inc. ; Canadian Mist Distillers, Ltd. ; Hiram Walker & Sons, Ltd. ; Corby Distilleries, Ltd. ; Diageo Canada, Inc. ; and Schenley Distilleries Inc.These distillers produce popular spirits including Brandy, Gin, Cognac, Vodka, Rum, and the ever-popular Canadian Whiskey, Canada’s most established domestic and exported distilled spirit. Since 1840, there have been over 200 whiskey distilleries operating throughout the country, as Canada has gained recognition as a producer of high quality whiskey. This reputation has resulted in billions of recorded sales for the Spirits industry. For example, Diageo recorded sales of US$ 15. 6 billion in 2003. Domestic and imported spirits sales for 2003 were recorded at nearly 15 million cases (12 – 750 ml. ottles)6. The Canadian Vintners Association is Canada’s national association of vintners, representing 34 wineries and producing about 90% of Canada’s total wine production and export. Winery members include, among others, Jackson-Triggs, Peller Estate, and Hillebrand Estates. Total Canadian wine sales for 2002, was 267 million litres7. Molson Annual Report (2004). Interbrew Annual Report (2003). 3 Globe Investor (2004). 4 Big Rock Brewing Annual Report (2003). 5 Just-drinks. com (2004). 6 Association of Canadian Distillers (2004). 7 Canadian Vintners Association (2004). 1 2 1. 1 Marketing – A Definition The difference between marketing and selling is more than semantic. Selling focuses on the needs of the seller; marketing on the needs of t he buyer8. According to the Business Knowledge Center, â€Å"the Marketing Concept is the philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decisions to satisfy those needs better than the competition. †9 Additionally, despite misconceptions, marketing is not always advertising. In fact, advertising comprises only a small part of the overall marketing mix.The variables of the marketing mix will manifest in unique ways depending on industry characteristics as they are heavily influenced by local and global industry trends. 1. 2 Building Brand Community Building brand loyalty is key to the success of the marketing concept. Developing and exploiting crucial relationships among the customer and the brand, the customer and the firm, the customer and the product in use, and among fellow customers10 is a strategy that leads to a belief that the buyer is part of a specific brand’s â€Å"community†.These relationships are important because t hey enable marketers to create brand loyalty and customer retention, which yield the promise of long-term profitability and market share11. Like a social community, the brand community tends to be identified on the basis of commonality or identification among its members12. The brand community members identify through devotion to particular brands or consumption activities, which are connected to other symbols in the marketplace13.For example, a product that is endorsed by a popular celebrity or professional athlete will appeal to certain brand communities or target markets, but not all. Responses to marketing influences may be cognitive, emotional or material in nature and, ultimately, customers will value their relationships with their branded possessions and with marketing agents14. The basis for community identification can be on wide-ranging commonalities that are difficult to detect. The stability of a brand community through time is an asset to marketers inasmuch as longevity equates with a stable market.Additionally, if marketers are able to successfully identify where a potential brand community exists, they can use it to bolster their marketing efforts and build brand loyalty. Furthermore, marketers will tailor their strategies such that they resonate with particular existing communities. If used effectively, this knowledge can be a powerful tool for marketers, as they will have greater insight into some of the motivations behind consumer behaviour. 1. 3 Global Alcoholic Beverage Perspective It is impossible to discuss the Canadian alcoholic beverages market without considering the global perspective.In particular, the global beer industry is facing increasing pressures 8 Levitt (1986). Business Knowledge Center (2004). 10 McAlexander et al. (2002). 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. 9 3 of internationalization and consolidation, which are both the result and the cause of industry-wide mergers, acquisitions, partnerships and strategic alliances. Fac ing low prospects for volume growth in mature, developed markets and increasing competition, brewers continue to seek growth through acquisitions of other brewers or by aggressive participation in developing markets15.Indeed, the top ten brewers worldwide now account for more than half of the entire world’s beer, which is an industry first16. Given the lack of volume growth opportunities in the North American market, the industry trend of increased marketing and advertising spending continues as companies try to differentiate their brands in a highly saturated market. Not only is the market saturated, but the marketing media are cluttered. In order to achieve standout in a cluttered industry, breweries continue to develop creative ideas that generate excitement around their brands.Smaller breweries, in particular, try to increase brand recognition through provocative or racy ad campaigns since they cannot hope to compete on the same scale as their larger competitors with resp ect to the total amounts spent on marketing and advertising. 1. 4 The Marketing Mix It is important to understand all of the variables that comprise the marketing mix, or the 4Ps of marketing: Product, Price, Place and Promotion. The 4Ps are the variables that marketers can control in order to best satisfy the customers in the target market17.First, the product is the physical product or the service offered to the consumer, which can include additional services or conveniences that are part of the offering. Marketers can adjust certain product characteristics such as the functionality, appearance, packaging, brand, quality and service. The second variable, price, reflects company considerations such as profit margin and competitor pricing, including discounts. Third, place refers to the decisions associated with channels of distribution that act as a means of reaching the target consumers.This includes the channel members along the supply chain, market coverage and the various servi ce levels. Finally, promotion decisions are all those that relate to communicating and selling the product to potential customers. These may include advertising, personal selling, media, public relations and budget. Thus, marketing is a multi-dimensional function that yields a variety of effects. In the alcoholic beverages industry, a mature and highly competitive market, companies experiment with their marketing strategies regularly.The focus of this paper is primarily on promotion and product and, specifically, how these two variables are manipulated in tandem by marketers to create powerful marketing strategies. 15 16 Todd (2004). Ibid. 17 McCarthy (1975). 4 1. 5 The Impact of Advertising on Consumption and Related Problems Alcohol advertisers use effective advertising techniques to reach the youth market. Such techniques link alcohol to physical attractiveness and sexiness, promote age identification through the use of spokespeople, and use humour, music and popular culture icon s18.In 2002, $160 million was spent on alcohol advertising in Canada19 and alcohol appears in approximately two thirds of all programs watched by Canadian teens at an average rate of 8. 1 drinking references per hour20. The consequences of alcohol advertising on public health and safety are considerable. Alcohol use plays a substantial role in all three leading causes of death among youth – unintentional injuries (including motor vehicle fatalities and drowning), suicides and homicides21.Alcohol advertising is linked to patterns of heavy drinking, drinking in dangerous situations and deaths from alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes22. In one study, the chances of drinking alcohol rose by nearly 10% for teens who watched an extra hour of regular television programming per day23. 2. 0 CURRENT MARKETING TRENDS 2. 1 Synergies Between Promotion and Sponsorship Currently, a dominant trend in the alcohol industry is a link between promotion and sponsorship. Companies are attempting to capitalize on the ynergy that exists in this area as they move deeper into the global arena to achieve a greater return on their marketing expenditures. The term synergies denote opportunities for collaboration in which the result that can be achieved is greater than the sum of the individual efforts. An example is the positive spillover of media exposure that results when a brand becomes the official sponsor of an international sporting event, especially one with wide television coverage. In effect, this amounts to a cost-effective marketing campaign for the sponsoring company, assuming the outcome is consistent with the overall brand identity.Another factor contributing to the drive for synergies is the seasonality of this industry. Manufacturers prepare for the summer beverage-selling season by ramping up production, increasing their marketing and seeking sponsorship deals, which act as promotional vehicles for new launches and summer products. Sponsorship agreements with int ernationally recognized sporting events help to enable a brand to stand out among the clutter. McKenzie (2000). AC Neilson (2004). 20 Robinson et al. (1998). 21 AMA (2003). 22 McKenzie (2000). 23 Robinson et al. (1998). 19 18 2. 1. 1 Sports Sponsorships Alcohol manufactures are increasingly seeking contracts for official sponsorship of highprofile sporting events as they realize the opportunities for synergies between promotion and advertising. The Canadian Code of Advertising Standards, produced by Advertising Standards Canada states: â€Å"products prohibited from sale to minors must not be advertised in such a way as to appeal particularly to persons under legal age. [And] people featured in advertisements for such products must be, and clearly seen to be, adults under the law24. High profile sports sponsorships with a heavy advertising component risk being in violation of this regulation. Two of the major international sporting events in Canada, the Roger’s Cup in Montre al and the Tennis Master’s Series in Toronto are sponsored by breweries. Sleeman is the official sponsor of Tennis Canada in Montreal; Heineken, which is part of the Molson portfolio of brands, is the sponsor in Toronto. The situation in Canada reflects a global trend. In late 2003, Heineken signed a deal with the British Olympic Association (BOA) for exclusive sponsorship rights.The deal is part of a â‚ ¬50 million global investment by the brewer25, giving the company exclusive rights to the BOA logo. Sponsorship deals are considered an opportunity for alcohol manufacturers to establish global brand recognition in a competitive industry. With huge budgets behind sponsorship deals, and the wide international exposure that results, it is very difficult for watchdogs to monitor the visibility of alcohol brands. The clientele and audiences at sporting events such as the Olympics are of all ages, youth included.Therefore, limiting exposure of beer ads only to legal age consume rs is nearly an impossible undertaking. In April of 2004, NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) in the US was strongly considering changing its policy to allow hard-liquor brands to sponsor teams in its top tier Nextel Cup Series26. Though such a move could alleviate sponsorship problems for some drivers, it could threaten NASCAR’s desire to become more family friendly. With this in mind, NASCAR rejected Diageo’s bid to become official sponsor.This move did not prevent Diageo from landing a sponsorship deal: the company secured a top sponsorship contract for its brand Crown Royal. Crown Royal was signed to be the title sponsor of the International Race of Champions (IROC), one of the NASCAR events. This marked the first time a hard-liquor marketer was allowed a title sponsorship for any sport, although Diageo’s Smirnoff Ice Triple Black brand has sponsored individual drivers. However, when Diageo's Crown Royal brand signed on as the title spons or for the IROC series in January, NASCAR reiterated its ban on sponsorships from hard liquor and chewing tobacco companies.NASCAR has a long history of partnering with beer marketers for races, but accepting hard-liquor brands would be a complete reversal of NASCAR’s position. Such changes in sports sponsorship have vast implications for industry players, marketers and public health groups. In the case of Diageo, the sponsorship deal is one step toward 24 25 Advertising Standards Canada (2004). Anonymous (a) (2003). 26 Thomaselli (2004). p. 1 6 the achievement of the company’s long-term goal of leveling the marketing playing field with beer. 7 As an example, with the three-year deal, Crown Royal will have extensive television exposure, since IROC just sealed a one-year TV pact with Speed Channel, a cable subsidiary of News Corp. ‘s Fox28. Such exposure is difficult to track and, thus, even more difficult to regulate. Although spirits have so far been prohibited from becoming sponsors, hard-liquor companies can, and have, used their malt beverage products or RTD (Ready to Drink) products29 as sponsors. Diageo's Smirnoff Ice, for instance, is one of the sponsors of driver Matt Kenseth, last year's NASCAR champion. . 1. 2 Promotion and the Entertainment Industry Another advertising tactic used by liquor companies is cross-promotion with the entertainment industry. This could include joint promotional campaigns between film studios and alcohol brands or between liquor companies and music tours and concerts. An example is the recent collaboration between Adolph Coors Co and Miramax’s â€Å"Scary Movie 3†, which was released at the end of 2003. Coors not only advertised around the promotion of this film, but it also had its spokeswomen, the Klimaskewski twins, appear in the film itself30.This technique is another way for companies to realize synergies in marketing and promotion, as there exists the potential to reach a broader audi ence than could be reached through a simple television commercial or magazine ad. In this case, Coors was attacked by the Marin Institute – a public health and safety group – for its involvement in the film promotion. The Marin Institute accused Coors of defying the alcohol industry’s guidelines by promoting its connection to this film31. Given the PG-13 rating of the film, there was no way of ensuring that under-age viewers were not exposed to the ads.In the music industry, there are many examples of activities involving cross-promotional campaigns with alcohol companies. These campaigns are used to achieve synergies from the combined effect of promotion and advertising. Molson Canadian uses this technique regularly, teaming up with Napster to provide music downloads and other special music offers. The company launched a campaign contest that involved the giveaway of a â€Å"Molson Canadian Rocks Summer Soundtrack, as well as weekly chances to win concert tick ets†32.Trends in promotion and sponsorship in the alcohol industry are of concern to public health groups because they have the ability to reach a wide audience, with little or no regulation. Other forms of promotion and sponsorship exist, however a description of each is beyond the scope of this paper. 27 MacArthur (2004). Ibid. 29 RTD: Ready-to-drink alcoholic beverages, such as Smirnoff Ice and Mike’s Hard Lemonade. 30 MacArthur (2003). 31 Ibid. 32 Molson Insider (2004). 28 7 3. 0 ALCOHOL MARKETING AND THE INTERNET Alcohol companies are using digital marketing as a medium.The Center for Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY) in the US found that alcohol company websites have sizeable youth audiences and contain content that is attractive to youth33. In particular, games, cartoons, music and a variety of high-tech downloads fill many of these sites. In addition, programs designed to allow parents to block their children’s access to these sites often fail to do so34 . In fact, fifty-five alcohol websites tracked by comScore Media Metrix during the last six months of 2003 had almost 700,000 in-depth visits from underage persons35.Alcohol websites continue to be a cyber playground, with many features attractive to youth36. CAMY executive director Jim O’Hara identifies content such as customized music downloads, instant-messaging accessories and games including putt-putt golf, football and spin the bottle37. A recent website probe done by the Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) Division of Advertising Practices in the US found that both Coors and Anheuser-Busch have sites with downloadable music, online games and ring tones38.In fact, as teens start to log more hours surfing the Web than watching television, CAMY and other groups are calling for more regulation on the largely unregulated medium. Jim Hacker, director of the Alcohol Policies Project at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, asserts, â€Å"The industry should remo ve themes, music, language and attractions that clearly appeal to underage people. †39 A key issue for health and safety groups is the ease of foiling the age requirement for viewing beer company websites.An age bar is supposed to weed out youngsters who find the sites attractive, but the investigation discovered that online forms can inadvertently â€Å"tip† kids to fill in fake answers. The trade journal Brandweek visited two websites, Coorslight. com and Budweiser. com and was able to enter several fake birth dates from the same computer, gaining access each time40. When questioned, John Kaestner, VPconsumer affairs at Anheuser-Busch, said the brewer had followed federal guidelines in its age-check system. Other websites attracting attention from the FTC are Bacardi. om, Skyy. com and the Anheuser-Busch site BudLight. com, according to a study by CAMY 41. The claim is that these sites had the highest percentage of underage people making an in-depth visit during the s econd half of 2003. The findings, which were released in March 2004, showed that 59 percent, 47 percent and 34 percent of visitors who looked at three or more pages on those previously mentioned sites were underage42. Overall, minors initiated 13. 1 percent of in-depth visits to the 55 branded alcohol sites included in the study. 33Center for Alcohol Marketing and Youth (2004). Ibid. 35 Ibid. 36 Mack (2004). 37 Ibid. 38 Edwards (2004). 39 Ibid. 40 Ibid. 41 Ibid. 42 Ibid. 34 8 This trend is especially worrying for public health and policy groups since the Internet knows no boundaries, and its content is therefore very difficult to regulate. Alcohol advertising on the web and music downloads have the power to reach all Internet users around the world, of any age. 4. 0 -THE ROLE OF LABELING AND PACKAGING IN ALCOHOL MARKETING The alcohol industry relies heavily on the use of labeling and packaging as a irectmarketing tool in the promotion and differentiation of its products. One of the obstacles facing design marketers is that while standout is paramount, they are all starting with the same structure: a simple bottle or can43. Since it is not possible to have a vastly different pack, companies differentiate themselves with creative labels or packaging. Marketers in the alcohol industry aim to create synergies among label designs, packaging and advertising, such that the overall brand image more quickly achieves wide recognition.The intended result of this coordination is a more effective and integrated means for alcohol companies to communicate with their consumer base, thus encouraging the selection of their product over another. If the product already has a strong brand identity, it is not critical to feature the pack in the ads. In this case, the advertising may be used to communicate other elements of the brand message to create the desired reputation and image with the target audience44. On the other hand, including a shot of the bottle in ads will enhance br and awareness at point of sale and ensure a more integrated approach to branding45.Approximately 60 percent of people in bars and pubs have not decided what drink they want until after they get there46. This is an enormous opportunity for brands to reach their target markets directly at the retail level with eye-catching labels that resonate with consumers. Product labels are the final point of brand contact between the company and its customers before the purchase is made. Thus, a brand’s name and how it is shown on the label can be an effective way of generating sales. The main challenge is finding a way to differentiate a standardized product while developing a strong, consistent brand identity.This is an example of the interaction of product and promotion, two elements of the marketing mix. Some of the methods used in the ready-to-drink and premium beer sectors, for example, include shrink-wrapping, bright colours and innovations such as metallic-effect labels47. In addit ion to a unique label, a catchy name, such as Smirnoff Ice or Mike’s Light will add symbolism and help increase standout and attract consumers. Brand awareness is critical for alcohol companies, and developing a strong brand is especially vital for new brands.The rationale for coordination between promotion and product is that young people, and other potential consumers, will see the campaign in Edwards (2004). Brabbs (2002). 45 Ibid. 46 Ibid. 47 Ibid. 44 43 9 cinemas and style magazines and more easily recognize it from other advertising media 48 . An additional reason to invest in labeling and packaging is flexibility. A shrink-wrap sleeve can be changed frequently, allowing the brand to adapt its appearance more easily to changing styles and trends.Unusual colours or unique label designs can help encourage selection of one product over another at the retail level. The techniques used by marketers are very subtle, such as borrowing design language from parallel markets for encouraging cross purchasing such as â€Å"Atkins friendly†, â€Å"light† or â€Å"low-carb. † Finally, if a particular brand is experiencing low or declining sales, a company can easily reposition it by superficially altering the image and, hence, reinventing a product to reach a new market. 5. 0 TRENDS IN ADVERTISING TECHNIQUESCertain techniques are used by advertisers to attract and engage consumers to their products. These have traditionally included such techniques as humour, sex appeal, popular music, describing benefits of the product, and creating a fun, enjoyable atmosphere. These techniques are used very effectively by alcohol advertisers as well, as they create a high ‘liking’ of advertisements among consumers49. High levels of effective alcohol promotion inculcate pro-drinking attitudes and increase the likelihood of heavier drinking50.For these reasons, the irresponsible use of advertising techniques is a growing concern among health an d safety advocates. 5. 1 Sexually Explicit Content The alcoholic beverages industry has long been accused of exploiting male sexual fantasies in order to advertise its products. However, this approach has recently, in some opinions, reached new levels of exploitation. Early in 2004, Labatt Breweries of Canada aired an ad during the January Super Bowl telecast that caused industry watchdogs to protest.The ad featured two beautiful women kissing, ostensibly to share lip-gloss51. Advertising Standards Canada (ASC) received 113 complaints about this ad in the first quarter and it was soon taken off the air52. The ASC reported that there was nothing wrong with the ad, other than it should run after 9:30pm. This ad is representative of the ‘simulated lesbianism’ trend in beer advertising, clearly a ploy to reach the male heterosexual audience. Labatt is not the only brewery to take this approach.During the same time period, Moosehead Light of New Brunswick launched a series o f ads called â€Å"Enjoy the Nature. † In one of the ads, two men look on and crack open beer cans as two beautiful women dance sensually together in the forest. Ibid. Grube (1996). 50 Babor et al. (2003). 51 Brent (2004). 52 Ibid. 49 48 10 5. 2 Low-Carb Phenomenon & Health Benefits Alcohol marketers must understand the psycho-behavioural forces influencing choice in order to devise effective marketing strategies. These forces are not easily identifiable in any industry.The beer and alcohol industry is not an exception and alcohol marketers have been slow to discern which factors most significantly influence brand selection. Although the sexual angle remains very common in alcohol promotion, the industry seems to be shifting gears. Instead of trying to titillate men by invoking male fantasies, marketers are now instilling fear in them about getting fat. In a feature article the Financial Times reported that beer marketers in the US have made an intriguing psychosexual discove ry about male insecurity53.The argument advanced is that men are increasingly more concerned with what they look like than how they will perform in the bedroom. Beer brands such as Anheuser-Busch’s Michelob Ultra, Coors Light and SABMiller’s Miller Lite are focusing their advertising on the millions of Americans on low-carbohydrate diets, which they have realized does not include only women. By contrast, marketing campaigns linking beers to explicitly sexual imagery have been less effective54. The implication for public health groups is that efforts aimed at regulating sexual content should be reexamined.It is possible that a greater impact could be achieved through aggressive targeting of ads that portray a health or nutritive benefit of alcohol consumption. As an example, Coors, the third-largest US brewer55, recently developed new ideas for its low-calorie Coors Light. The two-year campaign featuring scantily clad women and rock music was unsuccessful in increasing beer sales for the company. Beer companies are slowly discovering that sexual appeals are fun and diverting but they rarely change consumers’ brand preferences. The idea that â€Å"light beer† is less macho and thus less likely to appeal to young men is fading.In fact, it is difficult to think of a major beer company that has not introduced a low-carb brand. The success, in general, of low-carb offerings is evident in food store data compiled by AC Neilsen. In the four weeks ending June 12, 2004, sales volumes were up 56 percent for Michelob Ultra and 15. 6 percent for Miller Lite56. For Coors Lite, which has been slower to alter its marketing campaign, sales volumes were down 2. 7 percent57. Major breweries are responding to evolving consumer demands and are providing what could be the emergence of a new sub-category of beer58.As more companies enter the low-carb market, the competition increases for market share. This translates into bigger marketing and advertising budgets as companies fight for a larger slice of the market. The latest focus on a more health-conscious lifestyle has shifted the marketing emphasis away from sensuality and sex to body image and achieving athletic success. Some 53 54 Silverman (2004). Ibid. 55 Coors merged with Molson in July 2004. The new company is the 5th largest Brewery by market share worldwide. 56 AC Neilson (2004). 57 Ibid. 8 Brieger (2003). 11 industry experts expect this trend to stick around if not because of Atkins devotees but because of aging baby boomers, who tend to prefer light and low-carb beers59. The way forward in the alcoholic beverages industry will be through low-carb advertising, which can be seen as a serious response by the beer industry to a common male anxiety about growing fat, the proliferation of a healthy lifestyle among consumers, and the widespread belief of certain health benefits in drinking a low-calorie, low-carbohydrate beverage60.The low-carb trend is not exclusive to the be er industry. In May of 2004, the Vancouverbased Marc Anthony Group launched a new vodka-based beverage called Mike’s Light, which was targeted at the millions of Canadians on low-carb diets. The lemon-lime beverage, which is part of the ready-to-drink (RTD) alcoholic market, contains just one gram of carbohydrate and 76 calories and is expected to bring new drinkers into the market61. Already, the RTD market in Canada is estimated to be worth $450 million per year in sales.Additionally, with its low- calorie and low-carb options, the RTD market has the potential to increase consumption of alcoholic beverages as consumers switch from light soft drinks to lighter malternatives62. Marketers in this industry are deliberate in promoting RTD products as alternatives for the health and weight-conscious consumer. It is misleading for brewers to promote low-carb beer as being â€Å"Atkins friendly† or as having overall health benefits and doing so goes against the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s 2003 Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising. Under these guidelines, lowcarbohydrate claims are not approved.Similarly, according to Advertising Standards Canada, â€Å"No advertisement shall be presented in a format or style which conceals its commercial intent†63. This pertains to misrepresenting beer as having health or athletic benefits. The low-carb claim is of concern to public health groups such as ARAPO because it is both misleading to consumers and has the potential to influence consumer behaviour. 6. 0 ACTIONS TO ADDRESS CONCERNS ABOUT THE MARKETING OF ALCOHOL There have been several responses to concerns about the impact of alcohol marketing ranging from education and awareness to legal action and civil suits.Internationally, there are groups that advocate changes in alcohol marketing regulations as well as educate professionals and the public about the risks associated with a proliferation of alcohol marketing efforts. These include: G lobal Alcohol Policy Alliance (UK): www. ias. org. uk Eurocare – Advocacy for the prevention of alcohol related harm in Europe (Europe): www. eurocare. org Center for Science in the Public Interest – Alcohol Policies Project (US): www. cspinet. org Ibid. Business World (2004). 61 Bellet (2004). 62 The market or ready to drink alcoholic beverages is called the malternative market in the US. 63 Advertising Standards Canada (2004). 60 59 12 BeerSoaksAmerica. org – A Response to beer company propaganda (US): www. beersoaksamerica. org The Marin Institute (US): www. marininstitute. org Center for Alcohol Marketing and Youth (US): www. camy. org In Canada, there are guidelines for advertisers that outline what are considered appropriate tactics for marketing products. These guidelines can be found on the Advertising Standards Canada (ASC) website (www. adstandards. om) for all forms of advertising or on the Canadian Radio and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) websi te (www. crtc. gc. ca) for radio and TV ads. Currently these guidelines are not enforced and rely on a voluntary paid-submission to ASC by the advertiser. Alcohol is one product that seems to have fallen prey to this lack of regulation with many advertisers outright disregarding the guidelines. In Ontario, there are alcohol-advertising guidelines that are overseen by the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO) and can be found at www. gco. on. ca. Before 1997, the CRTC was involved in pre-screening advertisements before they were aired. In 1997, this responsibility was transferred to ASC for national cases, and the AGCO for Ontario specific cases. However, in 1997 the regulations changed to â€Å"guidelines† and preclearance was replaced with â€Å"voluntary submission†. As a result, the responsibility of monitoring alcohol advertising shifted from the CRTC to the general public, as advertisements are now only challenged based on a complaint format.Advertisers, fearing very little in terms of consequences, often disregard the guidelines completely, particularly the following: Alcohol advertising should not: appeal to persons under the legal drinking age associate drinking with activities that require care and skill imply that drinking is required in enhancing enjoyment of any activity imply that drinking is required in obtaining sexual opportunity or appeal64. A study done by CAMY in 2002 found that as the alcohol industry increased its advertising expenditures, more ads were seen by youth.In fact, all 15 of the shows most popular among teenagers included alcohol ads. â€Å"Survivor,† â€Å"Fear Factor† and â€Å"That 70’s Show† were among those with the most ads65. The dramatic increase in youth’s exposure to alcohol brands in magazine and TV advertising suggests that the industry’s guidelines are so permissive that, in practice, they amount to no limits at all. Concerned about the lack of re gulation and increase in alcohol ads – and as a result, increase in consumption – health and safety advocates respond to aggressive marketing with specific strategies, as discussed next. . 1 Awareness, Education and Skill Building The Association to Reduce Alcohol Promotion in Ontario (ARAPO) is funded by the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care to provide resources and support to individuals and groups about media literacy and critical thinking skills as they apply particularly to 64 65 AGCO (2003). Anonymous (c) (2004). 13 alcohol. Resources include research papers and presentations to youth and health promotion professionals about the impact of alcohol advertising on youth drinking patterns, particularly heavy drinking. 6. 2 Internet ActionThe Center for Alcohol Marketing and Youth uses a vivid Internet presence to attract viewers to their site to examine what others are doing around alcohol marketing. Along with a searchable marketing gallery and steps to take act ion, CAMY regularly publishes research papers on Youth and Alcohol. An example of this is a recent paper titled The Internet, Alcohol, and Youth, which looks at the impact of Internet alcohol websites on underage drinkers. It is available through CAMY’s website at www. camy. org. 6. 3 Complaints to Regulators and ResultsWhile ASC does not demand that advertisers clear their ads before going to the public, they do respond to complaints by the public. A recent example of this was the Don Cherry â€Å"Bubba† ad that was pulled following complaints that Don Cherry is seen as a role model for underage youth – and therefore could not be used as a spokesperson for beer. Groups like the Ontario Public Health Association, responding to concerns about the impact of alcohol advertising on the public’s health and safety, have sent recommendations to both the provincial and the federal regulatory bodies. These recommendations include: Continued pre-clearance of al cohol ads, at the final stage of production by federal and provincial bodies with a strong public interest mandate More effective regulation of lifestyle alcohol advertising, promotions and sponsorships Establishing clear guidelines regarding industry-sponsored responsible drinking messages and public education programs, particularly those appealing to, or directed at, young people Capping the total amount of alcohol advertising and introduce improved mechanisms for monitoring compliance with existing or new regulations Focusing on effective deterrence, monitoring and enforcement measures.This would include a stronger role for community groups in the monitoring and enforcement of federal and provincial advertising provisions, including membership in panels previewing and monitoring alcohol advertising66. 6. 4 Class Action Suits Against Alcoholic Beverages Industry Consumers’ attorneys across the U. S. have begun to target the alcoholic beverages industry, filing lawsuits that claim that some leading brewers and distillers are using slick advertising to sell products to underage drinkers67.In November 2003, attorneys led by David Boies III filed suit against brewers Coors and Heineken, distillers Diageo and 66 67 OPHA Position Paper (2003). Willing (2004). 14 Bacardi and the makers of Zima and Mike’s Hard Lemonade68. The suit accused the companies of using a â€Å"long-running, sophisticated and deceptive scheme†¦ to market alcoholic beverages to children and other underage consumers69† Boeis’ lawsuit alleges that alcohol companies place ads in magazines such as Stuff, FHM and Spin that appeal to males under the age of 21, or in Glamour, which is oriented toward females of similar ages70.The suit claims that ads placed in these magazines are designed to push people younger than 21 to obtain alcohol illegally71. The same is true in TV advertising, where many alcohol ads reach young people not old enough to drink. The class-action suits filed against the alcohol industry since November 2003 have caused alarm in the industry because the lawyer behind them is David Boies, who represented the Justice Department in its antitrust action against Microsoft72. The suits claim that booze ads targeted at adults spill over onto younger audiences73.According to another law suit filed in Los Angeles Superior Court in 2004, AnheuserBusch and Miller Brewing are targeting minors through ads and developing products that look and taste like soft drinks in order to lure underage consumers to their brands74. The suit claims that beer-makers are marketing alcoholic beverages known as â€Å"Alco pops† to minors. These include Doc Otis’ Hard Lemon Malt Beverage, which is made by AnhesuerBusch, and Miller’s Jack Daniel’s Original Hard Cola. Both of these beverages closely resemble soda pop with sweet flavours, bright colours and youth-oriented packaging. CONCLUSIONThe domestic alcoholic beverages market is considered mature, with limited opportunities for growth. One way for alcohol manufacturers to increase their sales volume is by taking market share away from their competitors; another is to expand the overall size of the market. To achieve these goals, alcohol manufacturers continue to invest substantial resources and capital into their marketing strategies because they believe it is necessary for expanding the market and increasing their margins. It will be important that public health groups focus their research on certain elements in the marketing mix.These include where the product is sold and what are the broad social trends marketers are using to communicate with target markets. This analysis summarizes significant influences in consumer behaviour. This paper advises that efforts be directed not just to alcohol advertising, but also to the overall marketing strategy of alcohol manufacturers, and especially the techniques outlined above that encourage and influence selecti on. 68 69 Ibid. Ibid. 70 Ibid. 71 Ibid. 72 Edwards (2004). 73 Ibid. 74 Anonymous (b) (2004).15 BIBLIOGRAPHY AC Nielsen. Bruchener, Andrew. Personal Conversation. March 2004. Taken from the ARAPO Fact sheet 2004. Advertising Standards Canada. (2004). Canadian Code of Advertising Standards, Code Provisions. www. adstandards. com. Accessed September 2004. Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario. (August 2003). Liquor Advertising Guidelines: Liquor Sales Licensees and Manufacturers. www. agco. gc. ca. American Medical Association. (2003). Research and Facts about Youth and Alcohol. USA: AMA. Taken from the ARAPO Factsheet, 2004. Anonymous (a). (2003). News: In Brief. Grocer. Nov. 8. 226;7629:9. Anonymous (b). (2004). Beer-makers target minors with soda-like alcoholic drinks. Sentinel. Feb. 12-18;p. A20. Anonymous (c). (2004). Study faults alcohol advertising on TV for hitting young viewers. Wall Street Journal. (Eastern Edition). April 22. New York. Association of Canadian Distillers. www. canadiandistillers. com. Accessed August 2004. Babor, T, and R, Caetano, S, Casswell, G, Edwards, N, Giesbrecht, K, Graham, J, Grube, P, Gruenewald, L, Hill, H Holder, R, Homel, E, Osterberg, J, Rehm, R, Room, I, Rossow. (2003). Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity – Research and Public Policy. Oxford, UK: World Health Organization. Big Rock Brewing Income Trust. Big Rock Annual Report: December 31, 2003. www. bigrockbeer. com. Accessed September 2004. Brabbs, C. 2002). Bottle Beer Beverages Battle to Stand Out: Alcohol brands are using design to make an impact in a cluttered bar. Marketing. 27-28. Brent, P. (2004). Tongues cluck over Labatt’s lip service. Toronto: The Financial Post. FP4. Brieger, P. (2003). Molson’s to brew a low-carb beer. CanWest News; Financial Post. December 22. Business Knowledge Center. The Marketing Concept. www. netmba. com. Accessed September 2004. Business World. (2004). Health Benefits Push Light Beer’s Growth. June 21. Bellet , G. (2004). Mike’s Hard Lemonade Introduces Low-carb, low-calories beverage. CanWest News. May 19. Canadian Vintners Association.

Supply Chain Management-A Case of AmerTac Inc Term Paper

Supply Chain Management-A Case of AmerTac Inc - Term Paper Example According to Blackwell, companies sustain competitive advantages via information flow management which is significant principle of supply chain as a system. There are three important flows within supply chain, information flow, material flow and flow of finance or capital. Similarly, as per Cooper and Lambert’s assessment, effective supply chain means integrated supply chain as integration is core element required in supply chain management system (Baihaqi & Beaumont, 2005, pp. 2). Collaboration and relationship are further essentials of supply chain. If there is not strong collaboration or relationship within supply chain partners (suppliers, manufacturers and distributors), it is impossible to sustain the entire system of SCM (Baihaqi & Beaumont, 2005). Critical Evaluation of a Supply Chain CaseCompany Overview AmerTac is one of the renowned companies in consumer electronics, based in New Jersey since 1937 (Bloomberg, 2013). The company offers wide range of products includin g decorative hardware, lighting fixtures, night lighting fixtures, in-house lighting and plant accessories. Moreover, it offers ceramics, mirrors, and accent lighting fixtures to meet the diversified need of customers. Being a well known company AmerTac distributes its products to almost all popular retailers including Wal-Mart, Lowe’s and The Home Depot (AmerTac, 2013). This gets possible by company’s wide ranging supply chain network which is channelized to all most all local pick points. (Baihaqi & Beaumont, 2005).

Story of Ruth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Story of Ruth - Research Paper Example Ruth and Naomi are two widows who were blessed with the love and kindness of Boaz. As Ruth was married into an Israeli family, her true and selfless devotion towards her mother-in-law depicts Ruth as true ancestor of David. As Naomi’s husband moved to Moab from Bethlehem along with his wife and two sons, the famine and other disasters were rampant in those times. The tragedy fell on Noami in an unkind manner as she lost her husband and two sons, after living in Moab for almost 10 years. Ruth was married to one of her sons. Naomi wanted to return to the god’s land Bethlehem, as she wanted the mercy of God to be with her. However, as she pleaded with her daughters-in-law to return to their mothers’ home in Moab, Ruth was not willing and went to Bethlehem along with Naomi. Thus began the journey of love and unselfish faithfulness towards God. The theological lesson in this chapter is to have faith in God and never abandon him, although the general feeling may be that God does not show any mercy. The famine of those times was responsible for such belief. However, the faith in God has forced Naomi and Ruth to return to Bethlehem for seeking the mercy of God. God blesses those who have faith in him. Ruth has provided the evidence of having selfless devotion towards God, as she was prepared to leave all her material belongings and go empty handed to Bethlehem along with Naomi.(Gordon, Book of Ruth Ch 1, nd) Faith moves mountains. In showing selfless devotion to God, many material assets are returned to the faithful, through the mercy of great lord.

Third Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Third Movement - Essay Example Its striking beginning, arising harmonic sequence left hanging on a high dominant seventh, aside the end in B minor, is encompassed by a "galloping" rhythm, emphasizing on the melodic line on the first and third beats of each half-measure outlines of the fifth through eighth level of a harmonic minor scale. The overall melody entrenched in the minor tonic have the contribution of the mood in this primary section being dark. More successful second theme in B major, returning twice in the movement's A B A B A form, appears moderately suddenly at the conclusion of the first eventually rising during fleet fingered runs over a left hand melody. It tumbles back to a dramatic interpretation of the main theme in both of its appearance. The third movement was written around a funeral march two years before it was finished and resulted in being the third of the four-movement cycle. Chopin was more interested in the funeral march more than any other composer and inserted the fundamentals of the funeral march into his other work of art. Both the C-minor prologue from OP.28 and the slow introduction to the F minor fantasy, op 49 are frank funeral marches. The nocturnal OP 48 no1 and OP55NO1are clearly marked by the trait of the funeral marches. The slow movement follows the scherzo in the B flat minor sonata. The sonata with a Marcia's funebre as one of its movement of funeral march was Chopin's favorite. He played it, taught it and scrutinized its configuration for his apprentice more than he did any other of Beethoven sonata. In this third movement funeral March is complete with the lento interlude in D flat major. When the Chopin's funeral march is actually played in a funeral march, only the part in B flat minor is used. This funeral march made use of in brass as described has become a popular background such as in the video games. It was also used at the state funeral of President Kennedy, funeral of soviet leaders and Chopin's funeral. Fourth movement this is the fourth movement of the four cycle movements by Chopin also referred to the finale. It is the most magnificent piece of work that Chopin ever came up with. In this movement, it involves the use of both hands, which come in parallel octaves. This can be attested by his OP28 preface in E flat minor. But the prelude monophonic line actually forms a melody with a broken chord accompaniment base, while the sonata finale consists of a zigzag flamboyant single line. The texture is not idiomatic for keyboard .It sounds more like a piece for an unaccompanied cello. Chopin was well versed with the cello repertoire. In Warsaw he was captivated by the playing of Joseph mark whom he devoted his introduction and pnonaise brilliante for cello and piano OP3. The resemblance of its nature to that of unaccompanied cello and the elaborate structure of the melodic line point to Bachs suite for solo cello as one possible source of inspiration. More particularly the preludes from bachs suites in D major for solo cello is similar pertnum mobile of four quaver triplet per bar and one of its most frequency repeated object bears s striking resemblance to the primary theme from the first movement of the Chopin's sonata. A descending hexachord between the third and fifth scale is also a very important figure in the basch preface. Hexachord in either quavers extension is one of the principal motives of the fourth movement. It also involves the improvisory monadic lines where by these parallels

Armenian Genocide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Armenian Genocide - Research Paper Example In addition, rights movements in the Empire’s former colonies had caused the secession of several countries from the empire. This further intensified the unrest in the Empire.The Armenians formed political organizations which demanded for better representation in the governing of the Empire. They also demanded for the fortification of their security3. They wanted to be part of the police force and to enjoy a more stringent police protection. These were termed the Armenian Question. With the fear of affecting the traditional way of governing the Empire, the government was steadfast not to heed to the Armenian pressure. The earlier regime of Sultan Abdul Hamid II had quelled the Armenian grumbles with a series of killings. More than three hundred thousand people were killed from the Armenian population. A lot of their property was also destroyed. They got scared and their spirit was dampened. Following the Empire’s crisis, a political group by the name the Young Turks for cefully took power. This was in 1908. A coup staged in 1913 by a faction ofthe Young Turks called the Committee of Union and Progress overthrew the government. Enver, Talaat and Jemal; the ministers of War, Interior and the marine respectively were its leaders. The CUP came up with the idea of forming an entirely Turkish state. This included expanding eastward towards other Turkic people, most of who were under the Russian Empire rule. In addition to that, the CUP worked towards creating a strong diplomatic relation with the Imperial Germany. With the break out of the First World War in 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined hands with Austria-Hungary and Germany to declare war on Russia, France and the Great Britain4. In the... The Armenian Genocide took place in the period before and after the First World War. It began around April 1915. It was planned and executed by the Ottoman government of theOttoman Empire. It was a systematic massacre of the Armenian population of the Empire. Before the start of the genocide, the Armenian population was around two million in the Ottoman state. However, in around 1918, there were only about one million Armenians left. Of these, hundreds of thousands had been rendered homeless. The Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful states in the sixteenth century. With the growing of its economy, its populations also prospered.This included its minority population. Come the nineteenth century, the state was experiencing an economic regress. All its conquered land in Europe and Africa had been lost. The Empire’s geographical size was reduced quite significantly. Following the Empire’s crisis, a political group by the name the Young Turks forcefully took power. Th is was in 1908. A coup staged in 1913 by a faction ofthe Young Turks called the Committee of Union and Progress overthrew the government. Enver, Talaat and Jemal; the ministers of War, Interior and the marine respectively were its leaders. In the initial stages, the Ottoman Empire’s armies faced a couple of defeats. They redeemed their glory in 1918 by easily emerging victorious in the Caucasus. This war served as a scapegoat for the Ottoman military to wage war over the innocent Armenian population.

Material Science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Material Science - Research Paper Example The first group encompasses materials with reduced dimensions in the form of nanometer-sized constituent part, thin wires or thin films. The second group includes materials in which the nanometer-sized microstructure is restricted to a thin external region of a bulk material. PVD, CVD, ion embedding and laser beam treatments are the usually used processes to change the chemical structure or atomic structure of solid planes on a nanometer scale. The third groups of bulk solids are with a nanometer-scale microstructure. Materials with a nanometer-dimensional microstructure are named Nanostructured Materials (NsM) (Gleiter). The fusion, classification and meting out of such NsM are developing and fast rising arena denoted as nanotechnology (Grossard).Since the material goods of solids rest on the dimension, atomic structure and chemical configuration, NsM show fresh properties due to many effects. Dimensional effects result if the typical dimension of the structuring blocks of the micro structure is abridged to the point wherever critical length scales of physical phenomena develop analogous.Variation of the dimension of a NsM contains of thin needle-shaped crystallites, simply two or one aspect of the building blocks come to be analogous with the length scale of a physical phenomenon. In these circumstances the NsM come to be a two or one-dimensional system pertaining to this phenomenon. The second case of nanostructured alloys outcomes if the crystallites of a NsM have dissimilar chemical compositions.

Hollow Claims about Fantasy Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hollow Claims about Fantasy Violence - Essay Example under study is to present and question the evidences that connects the influence of the entertainment media and the violent behavior in the public specifically the children. The message depicted by the work targets the present generation who had a wide variety of media forms. In terms of the arguments of the author, it can be observed that in depth research had been undertaken in relation to the evidences that had been relayed although there are limitations in the presentation in relation to the length of presentation. The organization of the paper can be considered categorized in the basis of the background information. The important points are separated in paragraphs followed by the evidences that can support the claims of the author. On a personal note there are questions regarding the way results of empirical studies had been considered insignificant although certain arguments also used empirical evidences to be able to support the thesis and topic of the argument. Due to the use of the empirical evidences gathered by the academe and by the authorities in related groups in the field of psychology and law enforcement, the argument can be considered weak in some points but strong in other views. It can be considered that the author used certain arguments to support his claim while in some cases similar data are discredited. Such actions can be considered to decrease the strength of the argument. In the first paragraph, the author claimed that the government officials and members of the administration of the government are prejudiced in the claim that violence is largely caused by the media. Based on the arguments presented in the first paragraph, the politicians are pointing and giving attention to the issue on the basis of the opinion of the majority of the population (Par.1). The author stressed on the lack of strong evidence to support the real connection which is between the violence in media and behavior of the audience (Par 2). With regards to

Nursing ethical dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing ethical dilemma - Essay Example Such scenarios make it necessary to study the ethical dilemmas faced by nurses to avoiding getting in trouble. Nurses ought to have moral concepts that would ensure that they provide care that is correct, rational and good. Nurses are obliged to give their patients the chance to express their feeling and choose the way they want nurses to serve them. Decision-making and science are the rationales under which ethical nursing care is based on. The essay focuses on two moral dilemmas that are common with practicing nurses in their daily activities. The essay relates the two ethical dilemmas faced by nurses to a particular moral principle that nurses should possess. Nurses are guided by a set code of ethics, which are meant to guide nurses on their actions and help to help solve moral dilemmas. The second part of the essay after the introduction part deals with the first ethical dilemma and the moral principle that relates to the dilemma. The third part of the essay tackles the second dilemma and just like the second part, the section also discusses the ethical principle under which the dilemma falls under. Conclusion is the final part of the paper, and this is where the major points in the essay are put in a clearer perspective. Nurses have reported cases of having to deal with patients who exercise their rights to say no to any directives given to them by nurses. Patients with Anorexia, an eating disorder that is becoming common refuse to take food given to them by nurses as the condition makes an individual detest eating. Patients suffering from the disease fail to eat any food provided to them by nurses and in the process, their body starts consuming itself damaging the patients health. Such an issue raises questions such as how nurses deal with patients who refuse to eat even if eating is imperative for them getting better. Another question on nurses’ mind is the motive behind such a patient’s decision of not

Family-Oriented Pre-Trial Intervention Essay Example for Free

Family-Oriented Pre-Trial Intervention Essay Pre-trial intervention (PTI) has been shown to be more effective when the family is involved in the process.   Most PTI programs focus on the treatment given before release from confinement.   Family-oriented PTI programs look beyond the prison set-up and attempt to establish a community for the accused to return to (Dembo, 2003). The reality is that the social stigma against persons released from prison facilities poses a strong hindrance against re-integration into the community efforts towards rehabilitation (Tate, Reppucci, Mulvey, 1995).   By conducting regular and in-depth discussions with the family regarding rehabilitation, the basic social support system of the accused is assured (Dembo, 2003). The present study will replicate a family-intervention system conducted by Dembo, Schmeidler, and Wothke (2003) wherein families were trained to address the rehabilitative process a family-member was undergoing with the end goal of improving PTI.   However, in the study conducted by Dembo et al., the dependent variable was measured through self-report data. The present research will use indicators of reintegration into society along with repeated delinquent acts to assess whether or not family-intervention is indeed a rehabilitative process.   The succeeding sections will reflect the design and method of the research.   The research questions to be answered by the present study will also be clarified in order to show a clear direction of the research being conducted. Research Questions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present research will attempt to answer the question as to whether or not family-oriented pre-trial intervention programs improve rehabilitative efforts by increasing the incidence of community participation and integration as well as decreasing the incidence of delinquent behavior.   This question may be answered by looking into the activities engaged in by the offender upon release and with the introduction of family PTI.   The research has several hypotheses: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That family PTI will increase community involvement; 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That family PTI will decrease delinquent behavior; and 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That family-oriented PTI programs are more effective in fostering rehabilitation than offender-centered PTI. Evaluation Population The main thrust of the research is to assess the efficacy of a proposed pre-trial intervention program.   A family-oriented program will thus be administered to one experimental group while a non-family-oriented program will be applied to another group.   These programs will be administered to one group of individuals and their families. By doing so, there will be greater parallelism in the comparison of the two programs.     Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering that the family set-up is most relevant in the case of minors, the present study will limit its population to juvenile delinquents (Alexander Parsons, 1973). In particular, this research will limit its population to minors still living with their parents.   In order to obtain a sufficient number of participants, several penal facilities will be asked for consent for the participation of their detained juvenile delinquents who have not yet started with their PTI programs.   This will control for confounding effects of other PTI programs which may be administered by the penal facility. Evaluation Design The design to be used in the present research is the experimental design.   The experimental design has been lauded as the most rigorous design.   It is essentially the gold standard of research designs because of its ability to isolate the independent variables being studied and their relationship with the dependent variables (Creswell, 2009). This is the most appropriate design for the research to be conducted because the juvenile delinquents who will give consent to participation in the experiment will be randomly assigned into two groups.   These two groups are the experimental and control groups.   Moreover, previous research has shown that rigorous methods provide the best results with respect to reduced recidivism in studies of juvenile delinquents (Latimer, 1999). The experimental and control groups will be identical in all regards except for the presence of family-intervention in the experimental group.   In both groups, the juvenile delinquent will undergo identical PTI processes wherein they will receive treatment and training regarding rehabilitative practices. However, in the first group there will be an added intervention wherein the researchers will actively foster a dialogue with the family of the juvenile delinquent in order to help them understand and cope with their child’s rehabilitation.   In order to assess whether changes have truly resulted, a pre-intervention assessment will be administered to the participants and their families.   After a period of six months the assessment will be administered again in order to track any changes in disposition and placement of the juvenile delinquents. Population and Sample The study will limit the number of participants to forty due to the longitudinal nature of the study and due to the need for in-depth counseling to be undertaken with the families involved.   Time and resource constraints would not support a study involving an experimental group of more than twenty families. The participants will be chosen primarily based on their prior reception of PTI treatment and the fact of residence with family members.   Demographic factors such age, gender, social status and family situation will be recorded and assessed but will not serve as criteria for acceptance into participation.   By doing so, the experiment retains a higher external validity.   However, the recording of these factors will broaden the discussion and interpretation of results as the effect these factors play on the rehabilitation of participants may emerge as serendipitous findings.

Fermentation Lab Report Essay Example for Free

Fermentation Lab Report Essay Increased production of CO2 is a result of increased temperatures acceleration of the rate of fermentation. Abstract: We have tested the affects of increased temperature above room temperature on the rate of fermentation of yeast. We had 6 flasks filled with 6mL DI water, 2mL Yeast suspension and 6mL glucose of which 3 were at 25 °C and 3 were at 37 °C. The flasks at 37 °C had each mixture pre-heated at 37 °C for 2 minutes before being combined and then added to the flask where it was put into the bath heated to 37 °C. We then checked CO2 levels in each flask every 2 minutes for 20 minutes. We came out results that showed a marginal difference between the amounts of CO2 produced at different temperatures. The results showed that increased temperature causes an increase in fermentation rate and increased production of CO2. Introduction: Fermentation is the break down of organic matter, by microorganism, in the absence of oxygen also known as anaerobic (Van Neil, 2008). Our reactions occurs when yeasts is added to a solution of glucose and water. Fermentation starts with a process called glycolysis. In glycolysis Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and a net yield of 2 NADH (electron carrier) and 2 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules. The first step of glycolysis is the energy investment phase. In which 2 ATP’s are added to the Glucose molecule, which produces 2 ADP’s and Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate. This is followed by the energy payoff phase. In this phase NAD+ is reduced to NADH and ADP is reduced to ATP. The total number of ATP created is 4 and 2 NAHDH. After the energy payoff phase what is left is 2 pyruvates. Fermentation then takes place only in the absence of oxygen. In fermentation the pyruvate is converted into ethyl alcohol, through the oxidation of the 2 NADH molecules, which returns them to two NAD+’s (Freeman, 2011). Oxidation is the loss of an electron in this case H+. We used information from previous labs in which we tested yeasts ability to break down disaccharides, sugar in that case, at different temperatures and found that 37 °C was the optimal temperature for yeast to break down sugar, to formulate our hypothesis. Our sources we collected also indicated that different yeasts have different optimal operating temperatures, such as baker’s yeast, which requires higher temperature for yeast to ferment the proteins (Fell, 2008). Since we were using bakers yeast in our experiment we therefore came to the conclusion that increased temperature would increase yeasts ability to ferment glucose. Using this information and our sources we came up with the hypothesis that increasing the temperature of the solution would increase the rate of fermentation. We thought this was a reasonable hypothesis based upon earlier results from our other lab on temperatures affect on the yeasts ability to break down disaccharides. The predictions we came up with for the results of our tests were that the flasks at 37 °C would have a much more accelerated rate of CO2 production then that of the 25 °C Flasks. Materials and Methods: In the experiment we obtained 9 small beakers and 6 fermentation flasks. In the one beaker we added 18mL of Glucose. In the next we added 6ml of Yeast Suspension followed by another beaker with 18ml of distilled water. We then took those 3 beakers and placed them in the incubating bath set at 37ËšC for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes took the beakers out and added 6mL of distilled water, 2mL of yeast suspension and 6mL of Glucose into 3 separate beakers and mixed them together. We then immediately added them at the same time to separate fermentation flasks and measured their CO2 levels using a ruler. We then placed them in the incubating bath set for 37ËšC and set out timer for 2 minutes. We then prepared 3 beakers using 6mL of distilled water, 2mL yeast suspension and 6mL Glucose solution. Except that this time the yeast, water and glucose was a room temperature (25ËšC). We then proceeded to pour these mixtures into 3 separate fermentation flasks and measured their CO2 levels using a ruler. We then set a timer for 2 minutes. Each time the timer went off we would check the CO2 levels using a ruler. We continued to repeat this checking every 2 minutes for 20 minutes for each set of flasks. Results: My results indicated that increased temperature increased the rate of fermentation. In the CO2 Evolution graphs it is clear that as time increased as 2-4 minutes you can see a noticeable increase in the level of CO2 in the fermentation flask. As time increases that difference only increases and increases. Then when you look and the average alcohol fermentation graph it is clear that in total amount of CO2 produced in the flasks fermented in the 37ËšC incubating bath were much quicker in the process of fermentation, so therefore they produced much more CO2 then those at room temperature (25ËšC). Discussion: My Data supported my hypothesis. Each of my graphs data supported this finding. In the graph showing CO2 evolution the data showing 37ËšC had a steep positive slope, while the 25ËšC data showed an almost unnoticeable positive slope. This shows how over time the fermentation in the flasks at 37ËšC had a noticeable increase in its rate. The other graph shows the overall production of CO2 for each set of flasks. For the flasks at 25ËšC their average CO2 produced was .7mm, while the flasks at 37ËšC produced on average was 9.2mm. This increase rate and total production increase from that at 25ËšC and 37ËšC without a doubt supported my hypothesis. Also our minimization of errors landed itself to accurate results. We minimized any error by having the same person measure levels of CO2 and measure out substances such as yeast suspension. This increases my confidence that the results of our experiment not only support my hypothesis, but also supports that our bodies’ temperature (37ËšC) is the optimal temperature for cell respiration and not room temperature. Another follow-up experiment that could be used to give more detailed information about what happened is an experiment in which you run the same test, except include a 3rd condition in which the temperature is below room temperature such as 0ËšC. This could show the increase from freezing to room temperature and room temperature to 37ËšC. References: Cornelias B Van Niel, â€Å"Fermentation,† in AccessScience,  ©McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008. Web. Freeman, Scott. Biological Science. 4th ed. Boston: Benjamin Cummings, 2011. Print. Jack W. Fell, Herman J Phaff, Graeme M. Walker, â€Å"Yeast,† in AccessScience,  ©McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008. Web. Reddy. Effect of Fermentation Condition on Yeast Growth and Volatile Composition of Wine Produced from Mango Fruit Juice. Food Biproducts Processing: Transactions of the Institute of Chemical Engineers Part C 89.4 (2011): 487-91. EBSCO. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Web.

Measuring Responses of Spinach Leaves in Various Light Waves

Measuring Responses of Spinach Leaves in Various Light Waves Photosynthesis: Measuring the responses of Spinach Leaves in various Light Waves Abstract The object of this study was to measure the amount of Spinach Floating Disks in each of the petri dishes per each experiment set. The experiment was measured by using 100 mL of a 0.2% solution of Sodium Bicarbonate NAHCO3 that was poured into each of the three petri dishes for the two experiments. The 1st experiment tested Carbon Dioxide (CO2) levels created from Sodium Bicarbonate (NAHCO3) in this experiment as to test the hypothesis in comparison to that of Oxygen (O2) to determine as one level increases so will the other. In the 2nd experiment used the working hypothesis which stated that the red dye that simulates the red light spectrum will produce more photosynthesis than that of the blue, whereas green will produce very little if any. Outcomes of the 1st experiment showed that light-dependent photosynthesis reacted to the heat lamp producing more oxygen. Respectively, the red dye had a 100% effective rate of photosynthesis and oxygenation. Introduction According to the Laboratory Investigations for Biology, 2nd Ed. The process of photosynthesis can be summarized in the equation below (John, 2016). Chloroplasts 6CO2 + 12 H2Oà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¨C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6 O2 By definition photosynthesis is the process in which some organisms and plants use sunlight to create food from carbon dioxide or CO2 and water or H2O. The products for photosynthesis can be described as the use of carbon dioxide with water to make glucose. A sugar that plants use as a source of food or convert to starch and is stored. A byproduct of this process is oxygen (John, 2016) and (Freeman, et al., 2017). There are two phases in photosynthesis. The 1st phase is known as the light dependent reaction phase. This phase requires a chemical process to occur where the pigment chlorophyll absorbs light energy. It then, in turn use high-energy bonds of ATP and NADPH molecules to complete the process. The 2nd phase of photosynthesis is called carbon-fixation process. This phase does not require light because the energy has already been captured (John, 2016). This phase is similar to the 1st phase in which ATP and NADPH are being used except this process uses carbon dioxide to make glucose. According to (Freeman, et al., 2017) glucose is a simple sugar that is a six-carbon monosaccharide and is the major source for plant food. As stated previously plants can turn glucose a carbohydrate into starch for later use or to reinforce cell walls of the plant. The photosynthesis process as a whole takes place within the chloroplast. Chlorophyll, the green color of plants is a pigment that uses enzymes and other molecules which are required for photosynthesis (John, 2016) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) levels created from Sodium Bicarbonate (NAHCO3) in this experiment is the hypothesis being tested in comparison to that of Oxygen (O2) to determine as one level increases so will the other. If the least amount of diluted NAHCO3 was used up, then the Spinach Leaf will not produce large amounts of Oxygen. This experiment is measuring various strengths of NAHCO3 as the independent variable. Other variables not recorded would include room temperature, the size of the sample, and the health of the plant. In this case the number of the disks floating in the solution is the dependent variable. For this experiment ten punched Spinach Leaf Disks were used for testing purposes. The more oxygen released from each of the disks increases the ability of the disk to float to the surface of the petri dish. This process works because the liquid is being replaced with gaseous compound and regains it buoyancy. For this experiment light was used as the control. According to (Yao, et al., 2017) the increase in photosynthesis rate correlates with the intensity of the light being used. It is also mentioned that a light that is too intense can reduce the photosynthesis rate. Which facilitates an important goal of finding the optimal conditions for cultivation. As explained earlier, the level of development of the chloroplasts is directly affected by photosynthesis. (Yao, et al., 2017) explains that this directly affects the rate of growth of a plant and have different identifying markers under varying light intensities. Leaf morphology which shows plasticity is a reflection of this, where under weak light conditions an experiment on eggplants has shown a specific decrease in of the Datura according to (Mao et al. 2012) taken from (Yao, et al., 2017) in an expanded report on Effects of light intensity on leaf microstructure and growth of rape seedlings cultivated under a combination of red and blue LEDs. (Farquhar and Sharkey 1982) of the same report by (Yao, et al., 2017) caution high-light intensity can cause serious oxidative damages and destroy the photosynthetic system to leaf tissues. Using the determined information from (Yao, et al., 2017), in this lab the experimenters created a unique experiment not to dissimilar from the Effects of light intensity on leaf microstructure and growth of rape seedlings cultivated under a combination of red and blue LEDs. To simulate the light wave spectrum of the Red, Blue, and Green (RGB) the experimenters used food coloring to dye the solute. Where the working hypothesis state that the red dye that is used to simulate the red light spectrum will produce more photosynthesis than that of the blue, whereas green will produce very little if any. The dependent variable will again be the number of floating Spinach Leaf Disks. The independent variable in the unique experiment are the various colors being introduced with the heat lamp for light as a form of light spectrum. The control will be the heat lamp. Replication of this experiment will be conducted by the team of experimenters next the unique experiment station in this report. In this experiment if the red manipulated spectrum of light produces the most oxygen then the other independent variables blue and green will produce little to no oxygen. Methods       According the lab manual by (John, 2016); The experimenters were to conduct three separate light tests to determine oxygen production if any which will cause the Spinach Leaf Disks to float. 100 mL of a 0.2% solution of Sodium Bicarbonate NAHCO3 was poured into three petri dishes. The first test measures the amount of floating disks in a light devoid room. In this case the petri dish with ten disks was placed in a drawer as to keep any light from disturbing the experiment. This part of the process is known as the 2nd phase or carbon fixation as mentioned in the introduction of this paper. The second test uses natural room light, or fluorescent tube lights to measure the amount of floating disks. Using a second set of 10 disks in a petri dish the experimenters allowed ample amounts of room light to expose the disks in order to measure the 1st phase in photosynthesis, light-dependency. The last and final test of the three experiments measures the amount of floating disks under a heat lamp. The experimenters waited 30 minutes for each of the experiments before gauging results. Following the lab manual by (John, 2016) for the unique experiment, the testers duplicated the three test process for step three only. Still measuring the amount of floating disks, the experimenters added the RGB dye to each one of petri dishes. Again the 100 mL of a 0.2% solution of Sodium Bicarbonate NAHCO3 was poured into three petri dishes. Each of the three petri dishes were left exposed to heat lamps for 30 minutes. Results The experimenters evaluated each of the initial three tests under three different conditions. Complete darkness, natural light, and under a heat lamp. Phase 1 of photosynthesis consisted of light dependent plants. Plants grown under natural light served as the control. As identified in (Table 1), the control or natural light did not produce any floating disks. While under increased light, the heat lamp the Spinach Leaf Disks thrived and photosynthesized to the extent of 100% of expected results. Phase 2, or the Carbon Fixation process which does not require light had no effect. Carbon Fixation of the plant did not store enough energy to start photosynthesis. In the unique experiment phase 2 was not conducted. The results of the unique experiment that was tested in three different color spectrums; RBG is listed in (Table 2). Predominately the synthesized red spectrum of light produced the most results of the three colors tested. Table 1 Results of Subjecting Spinach Leaf Disks to Different Light Conditions Light # of Disks Floating % of Disks Floating Dark 0 0% Room Light 0 0% Under Lamp 10 100% Table 2. Results of Subjecting Spinach Leaf Disks to Different Color Spectrums Color # of Disks Floating % Disks Floating Red 9 90% Green 3 30% Blue 5 50% Discussion In experiment one carbon dioxide (CO2) levels created from sodium bicarbonate (NAHCO3) in this experiment was used as the hypothesis that was being tested in comparison to that of oxygen (O2) to determine as one level increases so will the other. The hypothesis was accepted in this experiment. As was predicted, the more light that was exposed the more oxygen would be produced which would cause the disks to float. Sources for error in this experiment would include improper set up of the vacuum flasks conducted by the previous lab experimenters. Other errors would include bad sampling techniques of the Spinach Leaf Disk. More time in this experiment would improve or give more accurate results for photosynthesis. It would allow a greater measure of values from the experiment. Also conducting multiple sets of the same experimented in order to gain and average ratio to gauge success or failure. In this experiment the learned outcome was that photosynthesis works in two ways. The 1st is light-dependent photosynthesis and the 2nd was carbon fixation. Secondary outcomes learned in this experiment are that different light spectrums produce different results. Where red would produce more oxygenation that blue or green which produces little to no oxygen. In the Unique Experiment the working hypothesis stated that the red dye that simulates the red light spectrum will produce more photosynthesis than that of the blue, whereas green will produce very little if any. Limitations and error of this experiment will include the same listed above in the 1st experiment as well as how little or how much dye is used in the testing of the light spectrum. With greater time and multiple test of the same experiment averaged values could be derived from the test to give a more accurate result. Cited References John, D. (2016). BSC 2010L Laboratory Manual USF St. Petersburg (1st ed.). Boston MA: Pearson Custom Library. Freeman, S., Quillin, K., Allison, L., Black, M., Podgorski, G., Taylor, E., Carmichael, J. Biological science (6th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson Higher Education, [2017]. YAO, X. (2017). RESEARCH ARTICLE: Effects of light intensity on leaf microstructure and growth of rape seedlings cultivated under a combination of red and blue LEDs. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16(1), 97-105.

Responsibility of the Artist in Faith in a Tree :: Faith in a Tree Essays

Responsibility of the Artist in Faith in a Tree The philosophy found in "Faith in a Tree" deals heavily with responsibility. One of the responsibilities which was explored was the responsibility of the artist. Paley's portrayal of artists in this story is certainly less than flattering. In one of the most thematically important paragraphs, Faith decides, (to summarize a paragraph) "if it's truth and honor you want to refine...let [God] be in charge of beauty....and let man be in charge of Good." (p.89) The comment was given directly after a dialogue in which artists were labeled as speculators; speculators in the sense that they did not "invest" in life, they merely observed. One gets the sense from the tone of the pages that artists are not being put in a favorable light. Paley is trying to say something important about the responsibility of an artist here. Her condemnation of artists as cited above does not extend to all artists. There is a qualifier at the beginning of the paragraph which is very important, "if it's truth and honor you want to refine". In essence, if the artist is trying to discern something true or noble then they should stop painting, writing, or sculpting for it's own sake and start doing something Good. Faith reveals her own disdain for musicians who are absorbed in art for art's sake when she comments satirically, "when darkness covers the earth and darkness a great people, I will think of you: two men with smart ears." (p.89) Paley is obviously aware thin ice of hypocrisy she is skating on. An artist herself, her own story should be actively supporting the Good, or her critique of the painter and the musicians would be meaningless. Before going further, it is necessary to define just what Faith's idea of Good is. Faith doesn't directly define Good, but she does define Bad which is just as important, because a fight or artistic work against something bad, is in essence, something Good. In Faith's words, "Evil is bad, Wicked is bad. Robbing, Murder and Putting Heroin in your Blood is Bad" (p.85) Any act which is wicked, evil, or destructive is part of the "Bad". Faith's definition of Bad is very general, but leaves a good jumping off point into the main theme of the novel, the Vietnam War. Surprisingly, the war, which I consider to be the main theme of the novel, takes up very little of the action in the story.

Captain Picard: Is He a Good Leader? Essays -- Star Trek Essays Papers

Captain Picard: Is He a Good Leader? In Star Trek the Next Generation : "The Defector," does Captain Picard prove himself to be a good leader? In trying to answer this question, I thought "Well, what makes a good leader? Who do we (the general public) consider to be good leaders?" The most obvious choices popped into my head: President of the United States, Congress Representatives, CEO's of large companies. But after considering these leaders, I did not see how Picard compared to them. After all, he is the Captain of the Enterprise, a military space ship. I guess that makes him more of a Colin Powell type-a U.S. military officer of the highest ranking. It makes sense that U.S. military officers are considered to be good leaders. But, does Picard (as a military officer himself) measure up to the standards of a U.S. military officer? Well, what are the standards of a U.S. military officer? I mean, what characteristics must a person posses in order to reach the level of Colin Powell? I am certain that there are more than a few characteristics one must exhibit in order to become an officer in the U.S. military (not just anyone can be an officer, you know), but the three that I find the most essential are: a person must be able to think rationally in the time of a crisis; a person must display determination and confidence when confronting a crisis; a person must keep in mind those who depend on the decisions he or she is making. If someone possesses these three abilities, I think the person can be considered a good leader. In "The Defector," Captain Picard faces a crisis similar to one a U.S. military officer may face (of course, science fictional war and real-life being understood as two separate occurrences). A Romulan ... ...hat the Federation can definitely depend on to make the right decisions in the time of any crisis. He is a man of rationality, confidence and determination, and understanding of others who depend on him; he is a good leader. That is a fact that cannot be second guessed. Works Cited Star Trek The Next Generation: "The Defector. Videotape. Dir. Robert Scheerer. With Patrick Stewart, Jonathan Frakes, Levar Burton, Michael Dorn, Gates McFadden, Marina Sirtis, Brent Spiner, and Wil Wheaton. Paramount Pictures, 1990. 46 min. Lynch, Timothy. The Defector: a Synopsis and Review. n. pag. Online. Internet. 15 January, 1995. Available : http://cruciform.cid.com./~werdna/sttng/tlynch/defector.rev.html. Shakespeare, William. Henry V. n. pag. Online. Internet. Available: gopher://spinaltap.micro.umn.edu:70/11/Ebooks/By%20Title/shake/ Histories/King%20Henry%20V

Why is it important for the school to concern itself with childrens :: Education

Why is it important for the school to concern itself with children's social and emotional development? Examine ways in which this could be attempted. In light of the current climate and the pressure on schools to improve standards, it may seem a strange question to ask. However it is such a fundamental issue that it is not only important but also vital for the school to concern itself with children's social and emotional development. This duty is now no longer an option. The aims of the National Curriculum as set out in the1988 Education Reform Act states that a school's curriculum should: "promote the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils at the school and of society." (Kyriacou,1995)(p.18) Before elucidating on this question, it is important to know exactly what is meant by social and emotional development. Daniel Goldman defines 'Emotional Intelligence' as an ability firstly to understand why we behave the way we do and secondly to control those actions that are inappropriate to the situation. It is also the ability to empathise and understand the emotions of others (Goldman 1996). Hence, the ultimate aim in this area with regards to child rearing is for a well-balanced and centred human being. The majority of people also generally accept that to have been loved and accepted unconditionally by just one other human being, as a child is enough for them to grow to be normal and well balanced adults. It is therefore very clear that parents have a large influence over this area of development. So, why should schools concern themselves with the social and emotional development of children? Bandura, one of the main exponents of social learning theories argues that there has been an underestimation of the importance of modelling, particularly with regards to learning social skills (Fontana, 1988). Children have a great tendency to imitate the behaviour of others. This imitation tends to be of people who enjoy status and standing. This starts with parents first. It then includes outside people such as teachers who in the majority of cases for children are the first outside relationship that holds a position of authority. Teachers act as role models for children. It is not so much what a teacher tells a child but more the way he/she behaves towards the child that has the influence. Bandura held that children learn social behaviour through social contacts. In particular he made a study of aggression. He showed how children who were exposed to adult aggression, were more likely to become aggressive themselves. It was not the fact that these children were exposed to aggression but the fact that the aggressive behaviour seemed to be sanctioned by the adults.